flight disruptions management

Flight disruptions are currently driven by a combination of geopolitical instability, labor issues, and financial instability within the airline industry. Geopolitical tensions in the Middle East have threatened jet fuel supplies, forcing airlines to cut routes and raise prices due to increased energy costs [1], [7], [10]. Simultaneously, labor and security challenges, such as rising absences among TSA agents during funding standoffs, have led to longer screening lines and increased travel anxiety [3], [9]. Operational failures have also contributed to significant disruptions, most notably the total shutdown of Spirit Airlines, which left passengers stranded and forced them to seek alternative travel plans [2], [6]. In response to these financial pressures, budget airlines have sought government relief, including a $2.5 billion aid package, to navigate the current climate of instability [12].